The development of transport infrastructure is essential for economic growth, job creation, and the improvement of living conditions for individuals and families. In 1933, shortly after the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Indian Emergency Conservation Work (IECW) program was established at the request of John Collier, commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). This program was created to provide labor aid projects to benefit reserves, as Native Americans were not allowed to serve in the CCC. The pressure to create an independent program came from Native Americans and the BIA, who opposed having the standard military-style CCC camps on tribal lands.
The British government's acquisition of Canada necessitated London officials to take responsibility for the unstable western territories, now liberated from the threat of French occupation. Through the Royal Proclamation of 1763, a line was drawn between the Appalachians that marked the settlement limit of the British colonies, beyond which Indian trade would be conducted strictly through British-appointed commissioners. This proclamation was partly due to respect for Indian rights, although it did not arrive in time to prevent Pontiac's uprising. However, this proclamation caused consternation among British colonists for two reasons.
It meant that limits were being placed on prospects for settlement and speculation in western lands, and it took control of the west out of colonial hands. This was one of the factors that triggered the 12-year crisis that led to the American Revolution. Native Americans' efforts to preserve land for themselves in the continental interior were completely ineffective when facing a triumphant United States of America. The FAST Act also requires two safety-related reports, one on the quality of transportation safety data collected on tribal lands and the other to provide options for improving road safety on indigenous reservations.
Native American grazing and cropland had 263,129 acres subject to eradication of poisonous weeds, and 1,792 large dams and reservoirs were built. The federal government has about 56 million acres of land in trust for indigenous tribes and individuals, an area roughly the size of Utah. During the colonial period in South Carolina (1663-177), grants were issued under the authority of the governor. After concluding a “sale” with representatives of the indigenous peoples (who were not always the “owners” of what they ceded), Indians were surprised to learn that they had renounced their hunting and fishing rights, and colonists assumed an unreserved sovereignty that Native American culture did not recognize.
Exhaustive information is not available on roads that travel through indigenous lands and provide access to them, but data from BIA systems suggest that most are rudimentary and in poor condition. A study on pedestrian safety on Indian lands conducted by FHWA revealed problems due to alcohol consumption by drivers and pedestrians, as well as lack of pedestrian facilities such as traffic control devices and other treatments. We empirically demonstrate tangible historical links between millennial land use by prehistoric Native Americans and Euro-American settlement process for Sumter National Forest in Piedmont South Carolina. To this end, we analyze archaeological data from sites located within Sumter National Forest boundaries. We find evidence that prehistoric Native Americans used this area for hunting and gathering activities over a long period before Euro-American settlement began in earnest during the late eighteenth century. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was a landmark document that recognized Native American rights to their land and established a boundary between British colonies and Indian territories.
This proclamation was one factor that led to tensions between Britain and its colonies which eventually resulted in the American Revolution. In South Carolina, grants were issued under colonial rule which allowed colonists to assume sovereignty over land previously occupied by Native Americans. The FAST Act requires two reports related to transportation safety on tribal lands which have revealed issues such as alcohol consumption by drivers and pedestrians as well as lack of pedestrian facilities such as traffic control devices. We have demonstrated tangible historical links between millennial land use by prehistoric Native Americans and Euro-American settlement process for Sumter National Forest in Piedmont South Carolina through archaeological data analysis. This research has highlighted how important it is to recognize Native American rights when developing transport infrastructure in Indian Land, South Carolina.
